【遗产漫步】卢旺达火山国家公园的大猩猩宝宝命名仪式和保护
到2017年1月，已有193个国家加入了《世界遗产公约》。但其中其实有26个国家还未有遗产列入世界遗产名录。1994年开始实行的世界遗产的全球战略，其目标就是要建立一个有代表性的、平衡的、可信的世界遗产名录，以反映具有突出普遍价值的全球文化和自然的多样性。卢旺达就是其中一个还未有遗产列入世界遗产名录的国家。卢旺达火山国家公园的主要保护物种是山地大猩猩，而对于大猩猩的保护不止于国家公园的范围之内，其大猩猩宝宝命名仪式引发了广泛的社会关注和积极的影响。
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卢旺达火山国家公园的区域背景—Volcanoes National Park of Rwanda regional background
Volcanoes NationalPark of Rwanda was created in 1925, making it the first National Park createdin Africa. The Volcanoes National Park is 160 Km2 wide but it formspart of a 410 Km2 international conservation unit shared betweenthree countries: Rwanda, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), thepark serves as the world's only habitat of the famous mountain gorillas.According to the International Union for Conservationof Nature (IUCN), the mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) are listedas “Critically endangered”dueto their habit destruction and poaching.
卢旺达火山国家公园成立于1925年，是非洲建立的第一个国家公园。 火山国家公园面积160平方公里，它是卢旺达、乌干达和刚果民主共和国三个国家组成410平方公里的国际保护区的一部分，是著名的山地大猩猩(Gorilla beringei beringei)栖息地。 据国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）统计，大猩猩由于过度偷猎而被列为"极度濒危"的物种。
Fig. 1： Mountain gorilla international conservation unit map 山地大猩猩国际保护区
Photo Credit： Adapted from Google map 改绘自Google地图
Fig. 2 Rwanda Volcanic mountains chain 卢旺达火山链
Volcanoes N.P. Safaris： http：//wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/great_apes/gorillas/mountain_gorilla/
火山国家公园检索
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Rwanda mountain gorilla is one of the four specieswhose DNA makes them the closest living relatives to humans like chimpanzees,bonobos and orangutans. They are gentle giants,shy, peaceful, intelligent, tolerant and very protective to their familygroups. Adult males can eat 30 kilograms of plants a day, while females can eat18 kilograms. Adult male gorillas commonly known as "silver back"grow gray hair on their back. Silver back lead the whole gorilla family, eachgroup has several female gorilla and their children. Silver back helps thefamily to find food, and finds a place to let everyone rest at night, they bendthe bamboo tree branches and other plants to build the sleeping nest.
卢旺达山地大猩猩是四种与人类亲缘关系最近的物种之一，其它三种包括黑猩猩，倭黑猩猩和猩猩。他们是温顺的巨人，害羞，和平，聪明，宽容，保护着他们的家庭团体。 成年男性每天可以吃30公斤植物，而女性可以吃18公斤。 成年男性大猩猩俗称"银背"，背部长着灰白色的毛发，银背带领着整个大猩猩家庭，每个家庭有几只女大猩猩和他们的孩子。"银背"帮助家庭寻找食物和落脚的地方，他们弯折树枝建立睡巢。
Fig. 3： Adult male gorilla "silver back" 成年男性大猩猩"银背"
Photo Credit： Daily Mail： http：//www.animalspot.net/mountain-gorilla.html 每日邮报
Fig. 4： adult female gorilla 成年女大猩猩
Nature Bound Africa： http：//wwf.panda.org/？206716/Mountain-gorilla-population-grows# 非洲自然界
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山地大猩猩保护工作—Mountain gorilla conservation efforts
Many people around the world knew their existence through the efforts of American zoologist Diane Fossey who dedicated her life to save gorillas. Her 1983 book “Gorillas in the Mist”, was later in 1988 adapted into a film of the same name. Her last entry in her personal diary was: “When you realize the value of all life, you dwell less on what is past and concentrate more on the preservation of the future”. Rwanda has taken her advice to heart, and today mountain gorillas are perceived as a source of national pride and a hopeful symbol of its economic future.
世界各地的许多人通过致力于拯救大猩猩的美国动物学家Diane Fossey了解到它们存在，她1983年出版的"大猩猩迷雾"在1988年改编成同名电影。 她在个人日记中的最后一个记录是："当你意识到一切生命的价值时，不要再过多地注意过去，更多地关注保护未来"。 今天，在卢旺达，大猩猩被认为是民族自豪感的来源，也是对未来充满希望的象征。
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Since2005 the old Rwandan tradition (Naming ceremony-'Kwita Izina') was extendedupon baby gorillas. The ceremony's main goal is in helping monitor eachindividual gorilla and their groups in their natural habitat. It was created asa means of bringing attention both locally and internationally about the importanceof
protecting the mountain gorillas.
Gorilla naming ceremony was derived from the ancient Rwandan tradition “Kwita Izina” of giving aname to a newborn. The baby was brought outdoors for the first time on the 8thday where the parents present the baby to family members, friends and all thevillage children from three to ten years old were invited. After sharing localfood, the children were asked to give two names to the newborn; all these nameswere only ceremonial since the official name was given by the father at theend.
The renowned gorilla naming ceremony iscerebrated each year to name all gorilla babies which have been reproducedwithin that year. Specially selected individuals have the honor of naming babygorillas. Several names are proposed by Rangers, who well know the animals, butthe “namer” makes the final choice. All chosen names signify something aboutthe gorilla andtheir family,perhaps the circumstances surrounding the birth, or the place where it lives.The names given to the gorillas at the ceremony become their individual identityfor the rest of their life. With only an estimated 880 mountain gorillas leftin the world, every new-born mountain gorilla is exceptionally important.
Well-knownfigures such as Bill Clinton (ExUS-president), Bill Gates (CEO Microsoft), Isaiah Washington (Hollywood actor),Ramsey Nouah (Nigerian firm star) have participatedinto the Rwanda’s annual gorilla-naming ceremony. Thanks to the devoted effortof rangers, conservationists and communities to restore the habitat and fightagainst poachers the launch of “Kwita Izina” naming ceremony has so far seen283 baby gorillas named.
自2005年以来，卢旺达的传统（命名仪式"Kwita Izina"）延伸到了大猩猩。 仪式的主要目标是在自然栖息地帮助监测每只大猩猩及其群体，引起当地和国际上对保护山地大猩猩的关注。
大猩猩命名仪式源自古老的卢旺达传统"Kwita Izina"，以新生儿名字命名。出生第八天，宝宝第一次被带到户外，父母把宝宝展示给亲朋好友，包括村里三岁到十岁所有的孩子都被邀请到家中。 分享当地食物后，要求孩子们给新生儿两个名字，而所有这些名字只是仪式性的，因为父亲最终会给出正式的名字。
大猩猩命名仪式每年举办一次，命名在该年出生的所有大猩猩，只有特选的人才有幸命名大猩猩。大猩猩看护人很了解这些动物，他们提出几个名字，但"命名人"才是最终作出选择。所有选定的名字都与大猩猩及其家人相关，也可能围绕其出生的环境，或其生活的地方。在仪式上给予的名字将在他们的余生中成为他们的个人身份，世界上共有880只山地大猩猩，每个新生的山地大猩猩都非常重要。
诸如比尔·克林顿（美国前总理），比尔·盖茨（微软CEO），伊赛亚·华盛顿（好莱坞演员），拉姆齐·努阿（尼日利亚公司明星）等知名人士参加了卢旺达年度大猩猩命名仪式。由于大猩猩看护人、保护主义者和社区的努力，恢复栖息地和打击偷猎者，"Kwita Izina"命名仪式推出迄今为止，已命名283只大猩猩。
Fig. 5： Baby mountain gorilla 山地大猩猩宝宝
Photo Credit： https：//www.pinterest.com/jhilts/gorillas/
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Around the worldmany have known mountain portrayal in the popular fiction movie King Kong. The movie was conceived andcreated by American filmmaker Merian C. Cooper who at the age of 6 becamefascinated with stories involving gorillas read from a book entitled“Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa”.
For those whoattended the 2016 year gorilla naming ceremony will probably remember for along time to come the spiky bamboo -inspired set design. Matt Deely, the brainbehind the artistic stage for 2016 year Gorilla naming ceremony, explains thatthe design is to reflect a mature silverback gorilla built with bamboo raisedfive meters high and can be seen from a distance he said to have used bambooinstead of any other material because in some way matching the event as gorillafeed themselves on bamboo leaves.
电影《金刚》由美国电影人梅里安·库珀（Merian C. Cooper）构思和创作，他6岁着迷于大猩猩的故事，其故事灵感源自一本名为"非洲赤道的探索与冒险"的书。
对于那些参加2016年大猩猩命名仪式的人来说，很可能会记得竹子作为材料搭建的艺术品山地大猩猩形象。 2016年大猩猩命名仪式舞台的设计师Matt Deely解释，这个设计是为了反映一个成熟的银背大猩猩，用高达五米高的竹子建造，使用竹子而不用其他材料是因为大猩猩以竹叶为食。
Fig. 6： King Kong poster 金刚海报
Photo Credit： https：//comicvine.gamespot.com/forums/battles-7/3-v-rexes-vs-bull-rancor-vs-king-kong-2005-1629917/
Fig. 7：bamboo artistic stage 竹艺术舞台
Rwanda Development Board： https：//www.mattdeely.org/kwita-Izina 卢旺达发展理事会
翻译：陈丁伊
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